101 Reasons Why I'm a Vegetarian (2) 我為何是個素食者的101個理由(下)

101 Reasons Why I'm a Vegetarian (2)

我為何是個素食者的101個理由(下)

By Pamela Rice 巴美拉. 蕾絲 原著 Seventh Edition, pamphlet version 2007年第7次小冊修訂本 中英對照編譯: 何智超 Tom He 中文審核: 黃文仁 James Huang / 張圓圓 Carol Zhang 51 About a decade ago the government began imposing manure-handling controls on the nation’s confined animal feeding operations. The rules, which now regulate only 40 percent of the nation’s largest feedlots, have not only been laughably overdue in their implementation but have amounted to nothing more than permits to pollute as usual. And the vast majority of the nation’s mostly moderate-sized livestock operations are simply urged to follow recommended guidelines voluntarily. In 2004, the EPA granted a sweetheart deal to 130 companies representing thousands of mega-feedlots when it allowed them amnesty from the Clean Air Act in exchange for scientific monitoring. Other facilities across the country are now in line for exemptions from Superfund lawsuits. 51. 約十年前開始，美國政府對監禁式的動物飼養方法施加糞便處理管制。雖然該規定現在只有管理到全美百分之四十最大的養殖場，這不僅被業者嘲笑著逾期執行，而且現已成了合法的污染許可證。至于對付中型飼養場， 絕大多數時候只是呼籲他們要自願地依照這項規定的指南。 在2004年，美國環保局作了個很討好的協定： 對擁有成千上萬個巨型飼養場的130公司實行大赦，從此他們不再受到清潔空氣法案的管制， 而政府就得到科學監測權。很多其他工廠現在也在排隊來獲得此項能豁免於類似此例之超级基金訴訟了。 52 Animal agriculture routinely mutilates farmed animals for its own convenience and often simply out of habit. Debeaking, branding, castration, ear notching, wing and comb removal, dehorning, teeth clipping, and tail and toe docking are ever-present tasks on today’s farm and ranch. Laborers, not veterinarians, perform the surgeries, employing restraint, not anesthesia. 52. 牲畜業者為圖方便， 慣例地毀傷農養動物，而且往往只是出於獲得其經營上之利益方便。 例切喙尖﹑打烙印﹑閹割﹑耳切缺口﹑切除翅膀和雞冠﹑ 去角﹑，裁剪牙齒、尾部和腳趾在今天的農場和牧場都是經常存在的。 執行手術的是工人, 而不是獸醫， 執行時是將動物綑綁， 而不是施用麻醉。 53 Male chicks are a bothersome expense to the egg producer. Sexers must be hired to pick them out for diversion to expedient deaths. No law protects them as they are dumped in trash bins to die by crushing, suffocation, starvation, and exposure. 53. 飼養小公雞是令雞蛋生產商煩惱的費用，商人必須請專人挑選牠們出來，隔離到其它地方， 以讓其較快死亡。即使他們被棄置於垃圾桶而被壓死﹑窒息﹑餓死﹑和曝晒而死, 沒有任何法律可以保護他們。 54. Fish and shellfish farming, or aquaculture, is no less disruptive to the environment than taking fish from the wild. Shoreline pens replace mangroves, that is, the habitats where wild fish would otherwise reproduce. Some farmed species will not breed in captivity, so fish farmers must steal juveniles, who never get a chance to reproduce, from the wild. There are numerous cases where farmed fish have escaped into the wild, corrupting the genetic purity of native species and spreading disease. Indiscriminate biomass fishing for fishmeal threatens ecosystems. Feed-to-flesh ratios soar in some farmed species to 25 to 1. Nitrogenous waste poisons the seabed floor below cages that hold fish in unnatural densities. 54. 飼養魚類及貝殼類動物之水產養殖業， 對環境造成破壞的不比捕野生魚少。海岸線圍欄取代紅樹林，就是原來野生魚可以用來繁殖的棲所。一些養殖品種於圈養的環境下不會繁殖，因此，養殖戶必須從野外竊取小魚，而這些小魚就永遠都沒有機會在野生環境中繁殖了。很多時候，養殖魚類會外逃到野生環境中，破壞了當地物種的基因純度，並傳播疾病。為了制造魚飼料而大肆濫捕魚類已威脅到生態系統。一些養殖魚種所須之飼料比上所獲得之魚肉的比例竟然上升至25 : 1。 因養殖魚的密度過高, 含氮的魚糞/排泄物將海床毒染了。 55 Between 1980 and 2004, meat production in the developing world tripled, today amounting to well over half of the world’s output. Dense concentrations of corralled industrial livestock, which create vast quantities of manure, now skirt the edges of major cities in Asia and Latin America, causing severe environmental damages. 55. 從1980年到2004年間，開發中國家的肉類生產量劇增三倍，在今日此數字以達世界產量的一半以上。密集的工業式牲畜養殖場，造成了大量的動物糞便，現已佈滿於亞洲和拉丁美洲的各大城市的邊緣，且造成了嚴重的環境破壞。 56 People who eat a lot of fish are increasingly falling victim to the debilitating effects of mercury poisoning. Women, in particular, are putting their babies at risk for irreparable brain damage when they eat seafood high in mercury while pregnant and even beforehand. According to the EPA, about 630，000 newborns in the United States every year--roughly 15 percent of all--may be exposed to dangerous levels of mercury in the womb. 56. 人若吃魚多了﹐ 將會增加成為水銀中毒罹難者之機率。特別是婦女﹐ 懷孕期時﹐甚 至在懷孕前﹐大量攝取海鮮會增高嬰兒腦損傷的風險﹐ 而且是無法挽回的。據美國環保局報告﹐在美國每年約有六十三萬新生兒﹐大約占總數的15%﹐可能在子宮裡接觸到的水銀指數會達到危險程度。 57 Hoof-and-mouth disease is rarely fatal for livestock, but it remains a death sentence just the same. When blisters form on hooves and lips, and growth slows because of fever, economics prescribe execution and incineration. In 2001, Great Britain responded to an outbreak by destroying nearly 6 million mostly healthy cattle, sheep, and pigs at a cost of [U.S.]$9 billion to save its export trade. There were actually only 2，030 known cases of the disease. The rest were exterminated to provide buffers to contain the outbreak. 57. 牲畜的口蹄疫病是很少會使它們致命，但最終還是難逃被判死刑之命運。 當畜牲的蹄和嘴張出水泡時， 其增長速度會因發高燒而因此減緩， 從畜農的經濟利益作法， 便是將這些畜牲處死， 而後焚化。 在2001年，英國對此病症爆發作出的回應是﹐為了挽救其出口貿易﹐ 殺死將近六百萬頭牛﹑羊﹑豬﹐而其中大部分都是健康的， 在經濟上損失共九十億美元。實際上﹐當時只發現兩千零三十宗的病案。其餘被無辜殺死的都只是為了控制疫情。 58 Several years ago, a New York Times story featured an Ohio schoolteacher who discovered that a “swirling poison” invaded his home from a nearby hog farm and “robbed him of his memory, his balance, and his ability to work. It left him with mood swings, a stutter, and fistfuls of pills.” His diagnosis: irreversible brain injuries from hydrogen sulfide gas. But the source of the H2S was half a mile away. Only after visits to 14 doctors was the cause of his symptoms determined. Surprisingly low levels of the gas will eat the brain over time. Neighbors of industrial hog farms will also experience diarrhea, nosebleeds, earaches, lung burns, chronic sinusitis, asthma, and corroded lungs. 58. 幾年前，紐約時報的一個精選故事講述﹐ 俄亥俄州的教師發現﹐ 一種“頭昏眼眩毒藥” 從附近的養豬農場入侵他的家﹐ 並“奪取了他的記憶，他的平衡，和他的工作能 力。這給他造成情緒大起大落，口吃，和整天吃一大堆藥的後遺症”。醫生給他的診斷是：這是硫化氫氣體導致的不可逆轉的腦部傷害。但這硫化氫是來源半英里以外。看了14名醫生才判斷出導致此症狀的原因。令人吃驚的是， 如此微量的毒氣， 在長期吸入後， 竟造成腦部腐蝕傷害。如此的工業化養豬場附近的居民也會有腹瀉，鼻出血﹐耳痛，肺灼傷，慢性鼻竇炎，哮喘，和肺部腐蝕。 59 Genetic manipulation has created monsters as well as monstrous suffering for farmed animals. Cloning threatens to jack up the misery yet another notch. Its general use is probably a ways off, provided it becomes commercially viable at all. Meanwhile, as the scientists tinker, their cloned creations will suffer from premature deaths and deformities, and the resultant meat and milk are sure to enter the human food supply. 59. 肆意改造動物基因創造了怪獸，也為農養動物帶來了可怕的痛苦。動物復制之威脅又為此悲慘況加劇。動物復制在商業上的可行性不高， 要使它普及可能還是太遙遠了。 但是， 作為科學家的修補專家，他們復制出來的生物都會過早死亡和出現畸形，而由此產生的肉類和牛奶是一定會進入人類的食物供應來源。 60 Before 1981, E. coli O157:H7 poisoning didn’t exist. Today, the deadly strain infects 80 percent of cattle on America’s feedlots. You can blame a change in feed for this. To make the animals grow five times the rate they would on hay, feedlot operators foisted a corn-based diet onto their charges and provided the perfect environment for O157:H7 to emerge. And now this terrible strain is regularly poisoning our raw veggies via cross contamination. 60.在1981年以前，O157 ： H7大腸桿菌中毒情形並不存在。今天﹐美國百分之八十的飼養場的牛隻都感染了這致命的菌株。這一點, 飼料的改變應該受到責備。為了使動物成長速度比原來吃牧草的五倍，飼養場工作人員把飼料改為以玉米為基礎，而此正是O157 ： H7大腸杆菌繁衍的最佳溫床。 而現在，這個可怕的菌株正透過交叉污染之方式定期地毒化我們的原料蔬菜。 61 From the animal-feed breadbasket and feedlots of the nation’s Midwest, massive amounts of fertilizer, pesticides, and manure-runoff travel down the Mississippi River. This high-nutrient mix causes an eco-chain reaction that ends with microscopic organisms robbing oxygen from the waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Marine life must relocate or suffocate. The phenomenon is known as hypoxia. Scientists have dubbed affected areas “dead zones.” Each summer the Gulf’s dead zone grows to an area the size of New Jersey. A recent U.N. report showed a 34 percent jump over 2 years in the number of dead zones--now 200 worldwide. Today, red tides (harmful algae blooms) line some coastlines of entire nations nearly without break. Soon, the hot real-estate properties around the world will be away from the waterfronts. 61 從動物飼料的糧倉和美國的中西部地區的飼養場，大量的化肥、農藥、排泄物廢水流進密西西比河裡。這種高營養組合的引起了一個生態的連鎖反應， 微生物從墨西哥海灣水域大量『劫取』氧氣。海洋生物不是遷徒就是誌喜而亡。這種現象被稱為缺氧。科學家們把受影響的這些海域稱為“死區”(死亡海域) 。每年夏季此海灣的這些死區增大到新澤西州大小的面積。最近聯合國報告顯示，過去2年死區數字增長了34 ％, 現在世界上已有兩百個。今天，紅潮（一種有害的藻類快速成長區）在國家某些海岸線已連成一線，幾乎沒有縫隙。不久以後，世界各地的熱門房地產物業的將要遠離海濱地區了。 62 In what is still the most comprehensive study of diet and life-style ever made, the China Study found that the consumption of relatively small amounts of animal protein is linked to chronic disease. The findings from this grand epidemiological study are especially compelling because they allowed meaningful comparisons between populations with similar genetic backgrounds, yet with nonhomogeneous diets. All together, the China Study provides the ultimate vegetarian vindication. 62 比較起來， 關于飲食和生活方式上最全面的研究，還是中國所提出的一個研究發現。 原來攝取相對少量的動物性蛋白質與慢性疾病是息息相關的。這個偉大的流行病學研究結果特別引人注目，因為他們利用擁有類似遺傳背景的，但又不均一飲食的種群， 來作一個有意義的比較。整個來看，此中國研究為素食主義提供了極大的辯護。 63 Fifty-two billion pounds of inedible byproduct (bones, fats, unusable hides, and cartilage) from America’s meat and poultry slaughterhouses is each year transmogrified by “renderers” into saleable adhesives, lubricants, chemicals, cosmetics, and processed food ingredients--a grisly but profitable side business of the flesh trade. This amount, however, does not include the 6 billion pounds of dead stock that accumulate on U.S. feedlots. It must also be dealt with. Unfortunately, only half of it is rendered and therefore processed safely. If buried, dead stock attracts vermin, leaches nitrogen and methane into the environment, and poisons the groundwater. If burned--usually the case when mortalities are catastrophic due to weather events or disease outbreaks--pyres will poison the air with dioxin. If composted, the process is often poorly managed, failing to adequately promote full decomposition and allowing vermin to carry disease off site. 63. 每年, 由美國的肉類及家禽屠房製造出來的五百二十億英鎊的不可食用的副產品（骨骼，脂肪，不可用的皮，和軟骨）用熬油的方法變成商業產品﹐如: 膠粘劑，潤滑劑，化學品，化妝品，或成為加工食品的材料 — 此為不禁可怕而且成了有利可圖的肉類副業。此數字並不包括累積於美國飼料場里六億英鎊的牲畜屍體 。它們也必須被處理。不幸的是，只有一半是被安全地處理和熬油過。如果被埋的話，屍體即吸引害蟲，在腐化過程中不僅釋放出氮和甲烷，而且又毒害地下水源。如果畜牲死亡是屬災難性的，譬如因為天氣惡劣或疾病暴發﹐那麼通常屍體就會被焚燒。而這些焚燒之燃料會釋放二惡英來毒害空氣。如果這些動物屍體用來堆肥，此過程因往往管理不善，而未能充分促進分解，很容易引來害蟲傳播疾病。 64 Want the omega-3s in fish but would rather skip the mercury, PCBs, and dioxins? Well, push aside that fish altogether, and rediscover flax. Two tablespoons of ground flax daily give you all of the essential fatty acid you need with several bonuses: Flax seeds contain iron, zinc, and high-quality protein, plus almost all of the vitamins. They’re loaded with soluble fiber and are the best source anywhere of phytonutrient lignans. They ease symptoms of diabetes and even promote healthy brain growth in utero and in infancy. 64. 想要魚的欧米茄3 油，但又不想要水銀，多氯聯苯，二噁英這些有毒物質？那麼，把魚推開一邊吧，試一試亞麻子。每天食用二湯匙的亞麻子粉﹐就會提供你一天所需要的脂肪酸了﹐而且還有其他的好處呢！怎麼說? 亞麻子含有鐵，鋅，和高品質的蛋白質，再加上幾乎所有的維生素。裝滿了可溶性纖維的它還是植物營養素的木酚素的最好的來源。它可以紓緩糖尿病症狀，甚至是促進胚胎和嬰兒的腦部健康成長。 65 The state of Oregon has taken warnings about bird flu to heart, devising elaborate plans to deal with a “most likely scenario” pandemic. The state, which represents less than 1.3 percent of the U.S. population, has anticipated how tanker trucks hauling 38,000 pounds of liquid carbon dioxide can be obtained to kill as many as a million infected chickens and where an estimated 2，000 tons of chicken carcasses can be buried. The state is also ready for as many as 800，000 human illnesses, 9，700 hospitalizations, and 2，300 deaths. 65. 俄勒岡州非常認真地對待禽流感警告， 該州制定詳細計劃，以應付這個“最有可能發生的”的世界級傳染病。這個只有美國國家人口1.3 ％的州，預期可以用貨運卡車載運三萬八千磅二氧化碳液體﹐ 以殺死多達一百萬受感染的雞隻。 據估計，兩千噸的雞可能會被掩埋。該州還準備好應付多達八十萬個人感染，9700個病床，及2300人死亡之機率。 66 The meat industry doesn’t treat the causes of its problems, only the symptoms. When it imprisons massive numbers of animals in cramped stress-inducing cages, it provides the perfect breeding ground for deadly bacteria, which later infect the meat. Technologies to kill meat pathogens are now very big business. We have acidic-solution carcass misting, alkaline-solution sprays, steam/vacuum technology, high-temperature carcass washes, steam pasteurization, and chlorine applications, etc., ad nauseam. Some bug-fighting methods, such as food irradiation and sprays of antidotal viruses and probiotic bacteria, pose risks in themselves. And in the end, the meat still isn’t safe. 66. 肉類工業對待問題治標不治本。把大量動物監禁在狹小的鐵籠裡，擁擠的地方給牲畜得精神壓力不在話下﹐這樣的生存環境更為致命細菌提供了完美的孕育場所，且最終感染到肉類。現在用來對抗肉類病原體的科技是非常大的生意。我們有酸性溶液胴體霧化處理，鹼性溶液噴霧劑，蒸汽/真空技術，高溫胴體清洗，蒸汽殺菌，和加氯的消毒過程等，實令人作嘔。有一些抗虫的方法，如食品輻照， 抗病毒和益生菌噴霧處理， 反而給這些肉類本身構成更多危險。 而且到最後， 這些處理過的肉類仍是不安全。 67 Most of America’s cows are not “Happy Cows，” in spite of what the California Milk Advisory Board might say in its nationally televised commercials. Many cows in the Western state spend their lives negotiating bogs of their own feces and urine. Elsewhere, they may be tethered at stanchions. All are inseminated annually to keep them lactating, and many regularly suffer painful udder infections. Thanks to calcium depletion and foot infections, slaughter occurs after only three or four lactation periods. The CMAB is a government agency and so is not subject to false-advertising laws. 67. 美國大多數的奶牛都已不是『快樂牛』， 儘管加州牛奶諮詢委員會在其全國電視商業廣告這樣的說。 在加州， 許多奶牛整輩子住在牠們自己排放之糞便和尿液的沼澤地中。在其他地方，牠們 可能都被束縛在支柱上 。為了持續牠們的產乳期，每年都要幫牠們人工受精，很多還常常要忍受乳房感染的痛苦。由於鈣的耗竭和足部感染，只過了三個或四個產乳期他們就要被屠宰了。牛奶諮詢委員會是政府機構， 所以是不受虛假廣告的法律限制。 68 To choose industrial meat is to support a system that has long ago put family farmers out of business. Essentially, it is only the big players--those who bought into factory systems--who are feeding America. We do have lower prices at the retail level. But ultimately, what is the real cost of cheap meat? You need to factor in the $20 billion per year in government subsidies to commodity farmers, higher medical costs attributable to excessive diets, antibiotic resistance in common bacterial strains, a dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico, the inordinate need for oil for petrochemical fertilizers, and dwindling aquifers--the list goes on. 68. 選擇工業肉類就是支持當初使家庭式經營農民失業的系統。基本上，只有那少數的幾個投資到工廠系統的大玩家在餵養美國。在零售水平來看 , 我們的確有了較低的價格。但最終，廉價肉的真正成本是什麼呢？您需要算進去每年政府補貼給商品農民的200億美元，由於過度的飲食所引起的較高的醫療費用，一些普通菌株的抗藥性提昇，在墨西哥海灣的死區（前已提到），石油化肥的過度需要，和越來越少的含水層 － 例子不勝枚舉。 69. In 2005, a $7.1 billion plan to prepare the U.S. for a bird-flu pandemic was instituted by the Bush administration. It included very little to help poor countries slow the spread of the H5N1 strain already on the march. Pharmaceutical companies would get most of the largesse in order to stockpile and develop speedier methods to develop appropriate vaccines for American citizens. In addition, President Bush proposed that he be given the power to impose essentially martial law on the land in the event that a pandemic actually came about. The number of countries with bird flu increased from 14 to 55 in 2006. 69.在2005年，布什政府制定的一個71億美元的計劃，為美國準備應付禽流感大流行。 其中很少包括用來幫助貧窮國家減緩H5N1病毒株的蔓延。製藥公司將獲得此大部分的慷慨資金， 以儲存和研發更快捷的方法為美國公民發展適當的疫苗。此外，美國總統布什提出，萬一這世界級流行病真的發生在美國， 他要有對此土地發佈戒嚴令的權力。在2006年， 發生禽流感的國家已從14個增長至55個。 70 The number of foodborne outbreaks involving produce more than doubled between 1999 and 2004. But before you blame the veggies, it’s important to know that the contaminating pathogens are invariably those that hitch a ride on fecal matter. And we know plants don’t defecate. So what’s the story? It all gets down to one simple fact: Feedlot operators cannot afford to properly treat all the waste that their mammoth-size facilities generate, so they often divert the muck to the nearest waterway. Down stream, produce processors use the water as a rinse. 70 從1999年至2004年， 涉及蔬菜的食物中毒事件爆發多了一倍以上。但在責怪蔬菜之前，要知道，往往病原體都是藏在動物排泄的糞便中。我們知道，植物不排糞。 那究竟是什麼一回事呢？這一切都由一個簡單的事實開始： 飼養場經營者付不起處理由其龐大規模設施所產生之所有排放物之費用，所以他們常常把動物排泄物轉移至最接近的水道去。而在下游, 蔬菜加工者正使用此水作為沖洗蔬菜用。 71 Today’s turkeys are unable to copulate on their own, thanks to selectively bred, freakishly huge breasts in the “toms.” The industry must use artificial insemination. The job is nearly as dehumanizing for the workers--who must work rapidly for long hours and low wages--as it is deplorable for the tortured breeder birds, who are essentially raped every week for 12 to 16 months until they are sent to slaughter. 71.今天的人工飼養火雞已經無法自然地交配，這都須歸咎於那選擇性繁殖出來的巨大胸部雄性火雞。業界必須使用人工授精。此工作對工人跟家禽一樣的毫無人道： 時間長, 工作必須迅速，而賺的又是低工資; 而可悲的，受滿折磨的種雞鳥類，基本上在十二至十六個月裡每星期都被強暴，直至被送往屠宰為止。 72 In most large commercial chicken slaughter plants the inverted heads of doomed birds are first plunged into an electrified brine bath. The current is set at a voltage just high enough to immobilize the birds and to promote bleedout without hemorrhage. It serves to minimize inconvenient flailing that would otherwise interfere with the slaughter process. The birds are not only sentient during slaughter but must also suffer the excruciating shock, sometimes twice. 72. 在大多數大型商業屠雞場裡， 被倒置的雞頭首先被投 進通電的熱鹽水中。電流是定在剛剛可以麻痺這些雞隻和促進放血而不導致其內出血的程度。它可以盡量減少麻煩的抽打，否則將妨礙整個屠宰過程。這些雞隻不僅在屠宰時候是有知覺的，而且必須承受的極痛苦的電擊，有時兩次。 73 Grass-fed beef is more eco-friendly than corn-fed, but supplies of it could never sustainably meet current consumer demand. Several guides are available to help seafood consumers “eat with a conscience.” But the species that are recommended would quickly run out if everyone ate them. Legally, “free-range” and “cage-free” designations are dubious to outright meaningless. At least one humane certification program was officially debunked. “Organic” has gone strangely industrial and is rightly tagged “ethically challenged.” Ultimately, to “eat green” and to “be kind，” one needs to go vegan. 73. 草餵牛肉比起玉米餵食是比較生態友好， 但它的供應永遠無法持續滿足目前的消費需求。有一些指南提供幫助海鮮消費者“有良心地吃” ，但如果大家都吃他們 , 所建議的物種會很快被吃光。在法律上， “放牧飼養”和“無籠”的標志是令人懷疑的，甚至毫無意義。至少有一個所謂人道的認證計劃被正式地揭穿 。 “有機”這個詞已經變成工業化了, 並且被理所當然地標記為“道德倫理上的難題” 。最終，要做到“吃綠”和“仁慈” ，還是要選擇素食主義。 74 New York State’s Department of Environmental Conservation and its Department of Health have posted an Internet factsheet called “Eating Sport Fish.” The advice speaks for itself: No one should eat more than one meal of fish per week from any of the state’s fresh waters; chemical contaminants may be a problem; trim all fat; don’t consume cooking liquids. On the other hand, if you still want to enjoy the “fun” of sport fishing but don’t want to poison yourself, the factsheet recommends catch and release. But don’t tear out the hook--cut its leader, goes the advice. Also, avoid playing fish to exhaustion. Other states could post similar Web pages: nearly every state in the union has a mercury-in-rivers advisory. 74. 紐約州環境保育部和衛生署已經發布了一個所謂“食用運動魚”的互聯網簡介。 此建議不言自明：任何人在一個星期內都不應吃多於一餐帶有該州的淡水魚，化學污染物可能有問題; 切去所有脂肪;不要食用烹飪魚後之湯汁。但如果您仍然希望享受釣魚運動的 “樂趣”，又不想毒害自己， 此簡介建議釣到魚後就釋放。但不要把魚鉤拉出來 – 把線剪掉就好了, 建議完畢。此外， 這樣可以避免將魚的體力盡耗。其他州可能都有類似的網頁: 幾乎美國每一個州有『河流中的水銀』的忠告。 75 Okinawa has the healthiest and longest-lived people in the world, boasting the highest percentage of people who live to be a hundred years old. The super-seniors who inhabit the island tend to retain their mental keenness, and few need to live in nursing homes. Not surprisingly, they eat very little food of animal origin, according to a 25-year study on the island. Genes could take some of the credit, although today’s old folks are projected to outlive their children who have adopted Western eating habits. 75. 日本琉球群島上住有在世界上最健康和最長壽的人，當地號稱可以活到100歲高齡的比例是世界最高的。居住在該島上的超級老人通常都還保留精神敏銳，而很少需要住在療養院 。 根據一項在該島上長達25年的研究, 發現他們所吃的很少是來自動物的，這並不令人驚訝。 遺傳基因可能有一點影響， 但据預計今天的老人家會比其所採取西方飲食習慣的子女長壽。 76 As markets for animal-based foods become more global, “carnivore conflicts” increasingly threaten international peace. Live cattle from Canada are still banned from the U.S., ever since a “mad cow” of Canadian origin was discovered in Washington state. In 2001, hoof-and-mouth disease instantly resulted in countries all over the world severing trade with the entire EU, although the disease was mostly confined to England. Meanwhile, trade wars simmer between the U.S. and the EU over hormones in beef. Worldwide, varying sanitary standards in meat production also leave nations at odds. No two “true democracies” have ever gone to war, some academics argue, that is, if you don’t count violence over fisheries. 76. 隨著以動物肉食為基礎的食品市場越來越全球化， “食肉者間只衝突”日益威脅著國際和平。自從在華盛頓州發現原產於加拿大的“瘋牛病牛群後， 該國來的活牛至今仍然被美國禁止。在2001年，口蹄瘟疫即時導致世界各國與整個歐盟切斷貿易，雖然這種疾病主要只是限於英格蘭。與此同時，美國和歐盟之間也因牛肉裡的激素開貿易戰。世界對肉類生產的不同的衛生標準，也讓國家之間產生爭執。一些學者認為， 沒有兩個“真正的民主政體”開過戰，如果不把漁業所引起的暴力算進去的話。 77 The population explosion should not be thought of exclusively in terms of people--not when one considers the ecological footprint represented by the world’s 3.2 billion cattle, sheep, goats, and domesticated bison across the globe. About 20 percent of the world’s pastures and rangelands, with 73 percent of rangelands in dry areas, have been degraded to some extent, mostly through overgrazing, compaction, and erosion caused by livestock. 77. 不要認為人口爆炸只有在人類中發生, 特別是當你看到地球上的32億頭牛、綿羊、山羊、豢養之美洲野牛的生態足跡時相同情況亦是如此。 世界上大約20 ％的牧場與放牧區，有73%的放牧區在乾旱區域中, 已退化到一定的程度，主要是來源於牲畜所造成的過度放牧、密集式放牧、與土壤流失。 78 It is estimated that 40 to 50 percent of U.S. dairy cows are infected with mastitis at any one time. The painful udder infection is considered a man-made affliction. Cows get it by improper care, poor milking procedures, overmilking, and malfunctioning milking machines. The genetically engineered growth hormone Bovine Somatotropin (bST), which is widely used to boost milk yields, is plainly linked to mastitis.  78. 據估計， 平均百分之四十到五十的美國奶牛都曾經感染乳腺炎。此痛苦的乳房感染是人為的。奶牛得此病因為照料不當、擠奶方法拙劣、擠奶過量、擠奶機失靈。被廣泛用來提高牛奶產量的牛生長激素 (bST )，顯然是跟乳腺炎有關的。 79 Veggies can lower the risk for teenagers developing high blood pressure later in life, regardless of body weight and salt intake, according to a recent university study. Researchers cite potassium, calcium, magnesium, folate, and other nutrients contained in fruits and vegetables as the reason. Hypertension increases the risk for heart attack and stroke and afflicts 25 percent of U.S. adults. 79. 根據最近一項大學研究， 青少年多食用蔬菜可以降低後得高血壓風險， 不論其體重和食鹽的攝取量。研究人員認為此原因所在是水果和蔬菜中含有的鉀﹑鈣﹑鎂﹑葉酸和其他營養素。高血壓病會增高罹患心臟病與中風的風險, 而美國25 ％的成年人都有此一患。 80 In the early twentieth century man learned how to extract nitrogen (fertilizer) from the air, cheaply and in large quantities. The discovery ultimately allowed 2 billion more people to inhabit the Earth and has given humans the luxury of feeding crops to livestock. Yet what gives the world abundance has, by way of nutrient runoff and acid rain, poisoned waterways from the Chinese countryside to the Ohio Valley. (Excess nitrogen promotes algae growth, robbing the water of oxygen.) In North America and Europe, lakes and rivers contain 20 times the nitrogen they did before the Industrial Revolution. 80. 在20世紀初人類學會了如何從空中提取氮（肥）， 成本低又量又大。此發現雖根本上讓地球上住了20億餘人口，而且讓人類可以奢侈地用農作物來餵養牲畜。 然而，這個讓世界富饒之發現也通過排放剩餘的養分或通過酸雨而毒害污染了世界上的河流， 從中國農村到俄亥俄州山谷的都受影響 （此主因為過剩的氮, 促進藻類生長，掠奪了水中的溶氧）。在北美和歐洲，湖泊和河流含的氮是工業革命前 20倍。 81 Every minute of every day, across the globe, 100，000 animals are slaughtered to feed the human lust for meat. This adds up to 50 billion sentient beings a year, not counting fish. Anywhere you go, creatures destined for the dinner plate endure cruel living conditions. “We’re eating them anyway，” goes the strange logic. 81.每一天每一分鐘，地球上有十萬隻動物被屠宰來滿足人類的口欲。 這算一下， 一年就有500億個眾生受遭殃，這數字還未不包括魚類。無論你到任何地方，那些注定要成為桌上佳餚的動物都要受盡毫無人道的生活環境凌辱。 有些人竟說出令人意想不到的話， 說“我們終究會把它們宰來吃， 管它的"。 82 When meat, fish, or poultry is barbecued, dripped fat over the open flame sends up plumes of carcinogenic smoke, coating the food. Other unhealthful chemicals are created just by extended cooking times. Chemists are telling meat eaters today to keep those grill times down. Even environmentalists are saying that restaurant grilling is an important source of soot and smog. But you still need to cook your meat thoroughly: How else are you going to kill all of those nasty bacteria? 82 不論是飛禽走獸或是魚類的肉被燒烤時， 其滴下的脂肪與烤肉的火炎在燃燒後產生發羽狀致癌煙霧，而付著於整個燒烤肉的表面。只要延長烹調時間， 其他有害健康的化學物質亦隨之而產生。化學家告訴今天的肉食者要把燒烤時間縮短。甚至連環保人士都說，餐廳中燒烤是煤煙和煙霧的來源。但你仍然需要把肉類徹底煮熟, 不然， 請問你要如何殺死所有那些污穢難纏的細菌呢？ 83 Forests cleanse the environment, regulate climate, and provide habitat for wildlife and pollinators of crops. Modern medicines derive from forests. Our very survival on planet Earth depends upon them. According to a 390-page U.N. report in 2006, the expansion of livestock production is a key factor in deforestation. Today, nearly all is taking place in the Amazon, thanks to grazing and the production of feedcrops. Worldwide, livestock production uses 70 percent of all agricultural land and 30 percent of the land surface of the planet. 83. 森林可以淨化環境，調節氣候，為野生動物提供棲息地, 也為農作物提供授粉環境。現代醫藥都來自於森林。我們在地球的存亡亦都取決於它們。根據聯合國在2006年發佈的一份390頁的報告顯示，畜牧業的擴展是砍伐森林的關鍵因素。今天，這種情況大都發生在亞馬遜河流域，這都得歸咎於過度放牧和種植牲畜所食之穀物所造成。結果是， 畜牧生產業占用世界上所有農地的70 ％ ，或地球陸地表面的30 ％。 84 In America, essentially all farmed animals will be trucked around at least once in their lives. Filthy, crowded, cramped, noisy, and terrifying conditions over extended periods are the norm. Truckers may legally deny the animals food and water for up to 36 hours. And such “protections” do not apply to poultry. Many animals are traded internationally. About 4 million live sheep are transported from Australia to the Middle East every year where Islamic law dictates throats be slit without stunning. In one recent year, a ship full of 58，000 sheep was rejected because of widespread infection. Before finding an import destination, nearly a tenth died. 84. 在美國，基本上所有養殖動物在他們的一生裡至少有一次被卡車運送過。長期處于骯髒，擁擠，狹窄 ，嘈雜而恐怖的生活條件下早已是司空見慣。這些卡車司機可以合法地拒絕給予動物食物和水，長達36個小時。家禽卻連這樣的“保護”都沒有。許多動物成為國際貿易產品。每年大約400萬頭活羊從澳大利亞被運到中東，那裡伊斯蘭法律規定必須在未昏迷狀況下屠殺。有一年，一艘載著5萬8千頭羊的船舶，因為其上羊隻大肆罹患傳染病， 而被拒絕入港停靠。在還沒有找到目的地港口前，已近十分之一羊隻死亡。 85 Clog up your arteries on a diet loaded with saturated animal fat and cholesterol year after year and you risk having a heart attack or stroke. You can opt to avert these afflictions with an expensive, though now-routine, operation known as angioplasty. Performed with a balloon-tipped catheter, it works to flatten plaque against artery walls, thus opening up passageways for blood to flow. A whole-foods vegan diet, along with regular exercise, can have the same effect. 85. 飲食中若充斥著動物性飽和脂肪和膽固醇的食物將會阻塞您的動脈，年復一年，你是與心臟病和中風在下賭注。您可以選擇用昂貴的但已成為慣例的手術來避免痛苦，此手術叫血管成形術, 它是利用一個球囊形导管來使血管中之硬化向著動脈壁擠壓變平， 從而為血液開闢了通道。以天然食品基本的素食主義的飲食，加上定時運動，可有相同的效果。 86 More than half of the nation’s seafood companies do not follow federal food-safety guidelines. Government inspectors visit processors only once a year to oversee essentially voluntary measures and to view company paperwork. Three-quarters of all fish consumed in the U.S. is imported, representing 4 billion pounds, but less than two percent of it is government inspected. 86. 美國一半以上的的海鮮公司都不遵守聯邦食品安全規定。政府檢查員每年只訪問視察一次，其查看性質基本上多是業者自願性的評估標準, 或只是查看公司的文書作業， 毫無實質執法效益。 美國所消費魚類的四分之三都是進口的，共四十億英鎊，但其中政府會檢查的量只有2 ％還不到。 87 U.N. Environment Programme executive director Klaus Toepfer said in 2003: “The clock is standing at one minute to midnight for the great apes, animals that share more than 96 percent of their DNA with humans. If we lose any great ape species we will be destroying a bridge to our own origins, and with it part of our own humanity.” Humans stand behind all reasons for the die-off, including one of the most important: poaching for meat. 87. 聯合國環境計劃署執行主任克勞斯特普費爾說，在2003年： “大猿類的時鐘差一分鐘就要到午夜十二時了(注：時機緊迫的意思)，這種動物的DNA與人類有96 ％以上是相同的。如果我們失去任何大猿物種，我們將摧毀人類了解自己物種源頭之橋樑，以及我們人類仁慈天性之一部分。 ” 人類絕對支持大猿滅種，其中最重要的原因是：不應為食其肉而偷獵。 88 Just as smokestack emissions result in acid rain, toxic fumes from decomposing livestock waste in open-air lagoons on factory farms become poisonous to fish when returned to waterways via rainfall. The errant ammonia also ravages terrestrial ecosystems. Since Earth’s plant species evolved to efficiently use scarce amounts of nutrients, today’s gluts will generally kill them. Fallout can degrade environments as far away as 300 miles. 88. 正如煙囪排放廢氣的導致酸雨，當禽畜廢物在工業農場的露天排糞池裡分解成為有毒煙霧時，通過雨水返回河流的時候便毒害魚類。此漂流不定的氨也破壞陸地生態系統。因地球上植物的己進化到讓它們有效地利用最少的營養素來生存，而今天這種的過剩養分情況反而會至其死地。這種有毒之漂流物可使這些養殖場附近300英里的環境都剝蝕荒蕪。 89 Handling livestock these days is risky business, not the least because humans are increasingly contracting diseases from the animals: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Nipah virus, bird flu, and SARS are a few examples. “Exotic，” and often endangered, animal cuisine provides the conduit for a global pandemic. In China, wet markets display caged and invariably sickly creatures, such as cobras, civet cats, and anteaters, for consumers who want that “taste of the wild.” In Africa, the bushmeat trade is blamed for the spread of Ebola and AIDS. 89. 現在處理禽畜是一種危險的行業，其中值得提的一點是人類從動物感染疾病的個案越來越多： 克雅二氏病 ，尼帕病毒，禽流感，嚴重急性呼吸系統綜合症 只是幾個例子而已。 一些奇特的, 而且往往是瀕危動物的菜餚為全球性傳染病提供了傳染管道。在中國，濕貨街市現宰動物市場上陳列著被囚禁而且病焉焉的動物，如眼鏡蛇，果子狸， 食蟻獸，賣給那些貪求“野味”的饗客。 在非洲，野味貿易是造成埃博拉病毒和艾滋病傳播的主因。 90 Even if meat eaters are spared the big killers that their lifestyle is associated with (heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and cancer), their diet may still be robbing them of everyday good health. A meat diet is sure to lead to nagging conditions and ailments. A whole-foods, high-fiber vegan diet, full of grains, fruits, vegetables, and legumes, is just the ticket to reduce arthritis pain, ease irritable-bowel disorders, mitigate common back pain, relieve cold and allergy symptoms, and lower risk for gallstones, kidney stones, and heartburn. But perhaps best of all, the vegan life is one free of constipation! 90. 就算肉食者可免死在其不健康飲食方式所帶來之惡果，如心臟病，中風，糖尿病和癌症，但其健康已早被這些疾病給剝奪了。 肉類飲食肯定會帶來各種麻煩的健康問題和疾病。天然的、高纖維的純素食飲食，足夠的穀類、水果、蔬菜、豆類，就可以減少關節炎疼痛，減輕大腸炎與相關疾病，減低背部疼痛，紓緩感冒和過敏症狀，並降低得膽結石、腎結石以及過多胃酸反昇的風險。不過，也許最大的好處是，素食讓你免於便秘！ 91 When food-safety inspectors in New York City make the rounds, they often come upon merchants selling just about anything: the meat of armadillos, iguanas, primates, turtles, frogs, and even rats. Some of the meat comes from endangered animals. Other cuts, if not intrinsically illegal, fail to derive from licensed inspected facilities and so put consumers at risk. The sellers of such contraband (most is imported) tend to be ignorant of U.S. laws, sometimes conveniently so. They don’t seem to comprehend the dangers to which they expose their customers and even the city as they raise the risk of outbreak. Over one recent 21-month period, a single inspector shuttered 138 city stores. 91. 當紐約市食品安全檢查員在巡查的時候，他們通常會襲擊那些無所不賣的商人: 犰狳肉， 鬣蜥，靈長類動物，龜，青蛙，甚至老鼠。有一些肉類還是來自瀕臨滅絕的動物。其他的肉， 如非本質上是非法取得的，要不就是從非法地下工廠而來的； 往往造成消費者的健康威脅， 或著甚至根本是非法的。這種違禁品的販賣商(多是從美國以外的國家進口來的）有時甚至故意目空一切美國法律規定。他們似乎並不理解這樣做讓他們的顧客，甚至整個紐約市增加傳染病爆發的風險。在最近21個月內，光一位檢查員就在城市裡關閉138個商店。 92. It is estimated that 30 percent of the world’s fish catch is non-target species, or “bycatch.” Fishers--typically in the cruelest most expedient ways--separate out the discards, only to dump them overboard, dead and mutilated. Bycatch from driftnetting is estimated at 85 percent of catch; despite a U.N. moratorium, Italy, France, and Morocco continue the hugely destructive practice. Shrimp fishing alone is responsible for over 27 percent of the world’s bycatch, despite producing less than 2 percent of global seafood. 92. 據估計， 世界上30 ％的漁獲都是抓錯的物種，或“副漁獲物”。漁民 – 通常用最殘酷最便捷的方式 – 分隔其要拋棄的捕獲物後， 任其死亡或截取有價值的身體部位後， 再將其扔回海裡。以漂網捕到的估計85 ％都是副漁獲物;儘管聯合國規定全面停用此捕魚方式，意大利、法國、摩洛哥等國家仍然繼續此具有巨大破壞性的做法。單是捕蝦造成世界上超過27 ％的副漁獲物，儘管生產出來的還不到全球海鮮的2 ％。 93 In nature, pigs avoid filth and will trek and root over 9 miles during a 24-hour period. Yet factory internment brings a breeding sow cold, strawless floors, noxious filth, deafening noise, and immobilizing space barely larger than her own body. This highly intelligent creature will be driven insane as she endures repeated pregnancies via artificial insemination. Her body will be pinned in place to expose her teats to her piglets. When her productive capacity wanes, she will be sent to slaughter. 93. 在自然界中，豬會避免污物，並有能力於24小時內跋涉超過九英里。然而，監禁式的工廠供給母豬的是一個陰冷而無鋪稻草的生活空間，髒的讓人惡心，加上充滿震耳欲聾的豬叫聲和勉比自己身體稍大之無法活動的固定空間。這高智能的動物，被逼的要瘋了，因為她忍受多次人工授精而懷孕。她的身體將被籠具固定，以便露出她的乳頭來餵她的豬寶寶。當她的生產能力減弱時，便被發送至屠宰場去了。 94 There are hundreds of chemicals and animal drugs used on today’s feedlots. These vaccines, parasiticides, hormones, insecticides, feed medications, and antimicrobials are making their way into our creeks, rivers, and lakes via the feces and urine excreted by the animals. The substances act as endocrine disrupters in wild species down stream. One study showed female fish acquiring male traits and male fish acquiring female traits. Other studies have similarly found disturbing anomalies. 94. 今天的畜牧農場用上數以百計的化學品和動物用藥物。這些疫苗、殺寄生虫藥、激素、殺蟲劑、飼料藥物、抗菌藥物已經通過由動物排出的糞便和尿液流進了我們的小溪、河流、湖泊。這些物質在下游的野生物種身體被吸收而成了其內分泌干擾物。 研究表明，雌性魚類得了雄性性狀， 而雄性魚類則得了雌性性狀。其他一些研究也發現同樣令人不安的異常現象。 95. Less than 1 percent of the Earth’s water is usable for human consumption. Most either comprises the salty seas or is locked up in glacial icecaps. You might think that the world would be judicious in how it uses this precious substance. On the contrary: Just one of many examples of worldwide profligate waste is that of the great Ogallala Aquifer, which sits atop America’s High Plains states. Farmers mine this titanic water source of 5 trillion gallons per year to power an infrastructure of feedlots and industrial slaughterhouses. Scientists say this natural wonder will be diminished by 80 percent in 2020. 95. 地球上可供給人類食用的水不到1 ％。而其中大多數的不是和鹹海混在一起，就是就被隔絕在冰川裡。您可能會認為，這個世界應該會明智地利用這寶貴的物質。事實正相反。 關于世界各地揮霍浪費現在來舉一個例子。 位於美國中西部高原上的遼闊的奧加拉拉(Ogallala)地下水層， 農民以每年五兆加侖地速度開採濫用這巨大水源， 以為工業飼養場和屠宰場的週邊設施供應地下電力。科學家們說, 到2020年這個自 然景觀將會縮小 80 ％。 96 A 25-percent decline in heart disease in Poland in the early 1990s coincided with the country’s transformation to a market economy, which ended government subsidies to meat. A switch primarily to vegetable fats and the increased importation of fruit were also seen as factors in the decline, according to a report made by a team of multinational researchers. The authors of the report noted that the decline was “apparently without precedent in peacetime.” 96. 20世紀90年代初波蘭的心臟病下降 了25 ％，恰巧當時在該國同時發生的是市場經濟的改革，政府結束了對肉類的補貼。根據一隊跨國研究對所提出的一項報告， 改用蔬菜油和增加水果進口也被認為是下降的因素。該報告的作者指出，這種下降在“和平時期是顯然是史無前例的”。 97 To produce foie gras, male ducks are force-fed a stomach-gorging cup of corn pellets three times a day with a 15-inch feeder tube. This torturous process goes on for 28 days until the ducks’ livers, from which the pâté is made, miasmatically bloat to 10 times normal size. Mortalities are high due to the disease, intense stress, and burst stomachs. For days prior to slaughter, each bird will pant for air. So cruel are these practices that foie gras production is now outlawed in at least a dozen countries. 97. 要生產鵝肝一種方式“佳餚”，就要強行餵食雄鵝, 方法是以一支15英寸的餵食管把一杯玉米顆粒強塞給它吃，如此每日3次。這痛苦的折磨要持續28天，直到那用來做鵝肝醬的肝臟， 受反常的肝毒膨脹到正常的10倍大小。由於疾病和強烈的壓力，加上胃爆裂， 死亡率很高。屠宰前幾天，每隻鵝都要為呼吸而掙扎。由于這做法太過殘忍，至少十幾個國家已經將此鵝肝生產方法列為禁令。 98 Every year, 24，000 fishers die on the job, making fishing the most dangerous occupation in the world, according to the FAO/UN. Meatpacking has the highest serious injury rate by far of any occupation. Repetitive stress disorders and knife cuts are rampant in meat plants. Poultry processing workers earn wages that are, for a family of four, below the poverty level. Full-time contract poultry growers clear incomes of only $21，000 annually. 98 根據聯合國糧農組織報告， 每年有2萬4千個漁民因工作意外傷害死亡，這個數字讓漁業被列為世界上最危險的職業。 肉類加工業的受重傷率遠遠超過任何其他行業。反覆性精神緊張失調症和刀傷在肉類工廠裡簡直是司空見慣的。家禽加工工人賺取的工資，如按一個四人家庭來算，還低於貧民收入水平之下。全職養家禽的包工收入每年只有二萬一千美元。 99 Agriculture science inexhaustibly works to eke out every last bit of commodity wealth from farmed animals via genetic selection. Wild jungle fowl lay 2 dozen eggs per year; today’s maligned descendants lay an egg nearly every day. Sows in nature give birth to 5 piglets; today’s factory-raised litters yield 12 young. A hundred years ago a steer took 4 to 5 years to grow to market weight; today the process takes only 14 months. Just 50 years ago cows gave 645 gallons of milk per year; on dairies today, cows give over three times this amount. 99. 農業科學透過遺傳選擇科技， 無止境地從養殖動物身上榨乾其可得之任何商業利益。野生叢林裡的禽類（特指雞隻）每年只下二十蛋;今天它不良的子孫幾乎每天都下一個。自然界的母豬一胎產5頭小豬; 今天的工廠所養出來的豬種一胎可生12隻小豬。 1百年前，公牛需要 4到5年成長到市場交易的重量; 今天， 此過程只需要14個月。在50年前， 奶牛每年可生產645加侖牛奶； 今天的奶牛生產量是此數字3倍 以上。 100. Eating vegetables keeps the brain young, a chorus of research shows. One recent 6-year study in Chicago tested 2，000 seniors, their mental acumen paired off with vegetable intake. Subjects who ate more than two servings of vegetables per day appeared about five years younger by certain indicators than those who ate few or no vegetables. Green leafies (spinach, kale, and collards) appeared most beneficial. 100. 眾多研究異口同聲地表示,吃蔬菜可保持大腦年輕。最近在芝加哥一個長達6年的研究, 測試了2000位老人，他們的頭腦敏銳性與蔬菜攝入量成正比。 每天吃兩分蔬菜以上的被試者，比那些吃很少或根本沒有吃蔬菜的表現年輕5歲左右， 以某些指數為標準。 而其中綠色葉菜類（菠菜，芥藍， 羽衣甘藍）顯得最有益。 101. When you fork over that $1.89 for those 7 ounces of Brown ’N Serve Sausage Links, it’s really quite a bargain, or so you might think. But such purchases--collectively trillions of them across the globe--accumulate a steep ecological deficit. In time, the debt will come due. Future generations will be the ones remitting its payments, in installments, with global warming, aquifer depletion, topsoil erosion, desertification, collapsed fisheries, wildlife extinction, deforestation and lost ecosystem services. Isn’t it time to start eating lower on the food chain? Get Hip. Go Veg! 101. 只要需要付上1.89美元就可以買那七盎司的布朗尼美式香腸，或者您會認為，這實在相當便宜吧！但這種購買成本的背後，在全球各地以萬億條的數字來計算， 隱藏積累著龐大的生態赤字代價。總有一天，這債務須要償還。將來要支付的是後代子孫， 他們將要分期付款，而所付出的代價的是全球氣候變暖、地下水層枯竭、可種植土壤流失、地表沙漠化、漁業崩潰、野生動物滅絕、森林濫伐和失去生態系統所帶來的利益。是不是時侯開始在食物鏈上吃我們的低層部分的食物呢？趕快追上潮流啊！吃素吧！